Metabolism is the biochemical process by which an organism converts what it ingests into energy. This energy is used for many biological processes like thinking, growing, breathing, and pumping blood to all the organs in the body. Metabolism is a constant process as metabolic reactions are concurrently occurring in the body and cells at the same time, all the time. The endocrine system plays a very important role in metabolism. Many glands and hormones of the endocrine system are involved in controlling the rate and direction of metabolism. Many signaling pathways exist which help to control the metabolic processes. These pathways involve step by step modifications of molecules into other products. The resulting products are used by the cell, used to activate another pathway, or stored by the cell for future use. Metabolic signaling pathways include (but all are not mentioned here) glucuronate metabolism, amino sugar metabolism, small amino acid synthesis, urea cycle, fatty acid metabolism, citric acid cycle, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and fermentation.

Anti-ARH antibody binds against the target ARH. ARH is localized in the cytoplasm and expressed in the kidney, liver, placenta, brain, heart, muscle, colon, spleen, intestine, lung, and leukocytes. ARH is an adapter protein that is required for efficient endocytosis of the LDL receptor in hepatocytes and lymphocytes. Defects in ARH are the cause of autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia. Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia is a rare disorder that is caused by a complete loss of function of the ARH adapter protein. This protein is required for the uptake of LDL (the "bad" cholesterol). ARH is characterized by increased cholesterol levels in the blood, deposition of cholesterol in the skin and tendons, and premature coronary artery disease. Anti-FTO antibody binds against the target FTO. FTO is a dioxygenase that repairs RNA and DNA by oxidative demethlyation. FTO is expressed in many tissues and very highly expressed in adrenal glands, the brain, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland. FTO contributes to the regulation of the global metabolic rate, energy expenditure, and energy homeostasis. FTO also contributes to the regulation of body size and body fat accumulation. Defects in FTO are the cause of growth retardation developmental delay coarse facies and early death (GFDDCFED). Growth retardation developmental delay coarse facies and early death is a rare syndrome characterized course facial features with anteverted nostrils, thin vermilion, prominent alveolar ridge, and a protruding tongue. Affected individuals suffer from intrauterine growth retardation and heart defects including ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular defects, and patent arteriousus with or without cardiomyopathy. Individuals with growth retardation developmental delay course facies and early death will usually die by the age of 3 years.Anti-PRODH antibody binds against the target proline dehydrogenase (oxidase)1. PRODH is localized on the matrix of the mitochondria and expressed in lung, skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and kidney tissues. Defects in PRODH are the cause of hyperprolinemia type 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia type 4. People with hyperprolinemia type 1 are often asymptomatic, and thus sometimes go undiagnosed. Affected individuals have increased levels of proline in their blood. When symptoms are seen, they include seizures, mental retardation, and neurological problems. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by difficulties perceiving reality including auditory hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.