Hormones are chemical messengers used throughout the body and transferred by way of the bloodstream. The chemicals are released by one cell or group of cells and can affect a distal cell or group of cells in another area of the body. All multi-cellular organisms use and produce hormones. The endocrine system plays a major role in the regulation and control of the body’s hormones. It is made up of many glands that can release substances to control many bodily functions including cell growth, mood, sexual functions, and metabolism.

Anti-androgen receptor antibody binds against the androgen receptor. Androgen receptors are steroid hormone receptors that are activated by ligand transcription factors and regulate gene expression, cellular proliferation, and differentiation in target tissues. Androgen receptors are localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the heart and skeletal muscles. Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy X-linked type 1, and metastatic prostate cancer. Individuals affected with androgen insensitivity syndrome are genetically male but are resistant to male androgen hormones. The resulting phenotype is a person that looks physically like a woman but has the genetic makeup of a man (no uterus and lack of fertility and menstruation). Treatment sometimes includes removal of inguinal testicles and estrogen replacement therapy. Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy X-linked type 1 is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease. Affected individuals suffer from muscle cramps and degeneration of motor neurons leading to progressive weakness. Metastatic prostate cancer is an advanced form of prostate cancer. Anti-ghrelin antibody binds against the target ghrelin. Ghrelin is secreted by cells and localized at the highest level in the stomach. Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly by cells in the stomach and pancreas and functions as a hunger stimulator.