The cytoskeleton of a cell includes actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, centrosomes, nuclear lamina, and the cell nucleus. These proteins form the scaffolding of a cell and effectively give it structure to hold the cell contents inside. There are numerous structures on the outer surface of the cytoskeleton. These structures include flagella, cilia, and lemellipodia. These outer surface molecules play elementary roles in cell mobility and division. The majority of these microfilaments are actin filaments which shrink and enlarge in order to power the cell as it moves around. The ECM, or extracellular matrix, is composed of many nonliving materials that surround cells in multicellular organisms and provide structural support for the cell as well as performing other important functions (depending on the type of cell that is surrounded). Plants, animals, and fungi have extracellular matrices. The composition of the ECM in plants is cellulose, while a vertebrate animal ECM is composed of proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates. Fungi have ECM's composed of chitin. Typically, the ECM accounts for the majority of the organism's bulk. Connective tissue, like tendons and ligaments, secrete an ECM made of protein fibers in a mixture of protein-polysaccharide molecules. In bones, minerals (like calcium phosphate) and collagen help maintain strength and protective abilities of the ECM. Proteins used by vertebrates to build their extra cellular matrices are mostly glycoproteins and include collagen, liminin, fibronectin, and elastin. Typically, cells depend on the ECM to remain alive and thriving. When the anchorage to the ECM is lost, the cell can die. Certain types of cancer will exploit this relationship by removing the ECM from a cell to gain access to the tissue below. Conversely, a cell can turn cancerous when the anchorage dependence between the cell and the ECM is lost.

Anti-alpha smooth muscle actin antibody binds against the target alpha smooth muscle actin. Actins are globular proteins that are the main framework of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in many types of cell mobility. Alpha smooth muscle actin is an isoform of the typical smooth muscle cells. This actin is localized in the cytoplasm and the cytoskeleton. Defects in ACTA2 are the cause of aortic aneurysm familial thoracic type 6. Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm is an autosomal dominant form of large arterial disorder. The disease presents with a progressive breakdown of collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle in the wall of an artery, specifically the aorta. This caused the thoracic aorta to permanently dilate. Anti-BMP5 Antibody binds against the target bone morphogeneteic protein 5. BMP 5 induces cartilage and bone formation. BMP5 is secreted by cells and expressed in the lung and liver. BMPs may also play a role in certain cancers. Anti-syntrophin alpha 1 antibody binds against the target syntrophin alpha 1. Syntrophin alpha 1 is localized in the cell membrane, cell junction, and cytoplasm. It is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart. Syntrophin alpha 1 is an adapter protein that binds to and organizes subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. Defects in SNTA1 are the cause of long QT syndrome type 12. Long QT syndrome is a type of rare heart condition causing an irregular ventricular heartbeat (TDP) which can lead to fainting and sudden death.