Atherosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries in the body. Arteries are hardened due to fat, cholesterol, and other materials collaborating inside of the artery. Typically, arteries are slick and clear of debris on the inside. However, sometimes small tears in the interior arterial wall can attract foreign materials to deposit and accumulate around the interior vessel wall narrowing and hardening the artery. Normally functioning arteries carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body. This function is compromised by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can also further develop into blood clots, coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, aneurysms, and/or heart attack. Good news is that atherosclerosis is completely preventable and also treatable. The causes of atherosclerosis include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Along with lifestyle choices, treatment for atherosclerosis includes the use of drugs for cholesterol reduction, anti-platelet meds, beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and other medications to treat different causes (like diabetes, etc). When treatment with drugs is not successful, surgeries like angioplasty, stent placement, endarterectomy, thrombolytic therapy, and bypass surgery can be performed.

Anti-Fibrinogen binds against fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is secreted in the body. Fibrinogen is the main component of blood coagulation proteins. FGA is a large protein that can be converted to fibrin which forms fibrin clots. Fibrinogen clotting is involved in thromboembolism and thrombosis of arteries and veins as well as certain types of tumor growth. Fibrinogen concentrations in blood are used for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Anti-FTO antibody binds against the target FTO. FTO is a dioxygenase that repairs RNA and DNA by oxidative demethlyation. FTO is expressed in many tissues and very highly expressed in adrenal glands, the brain, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland. FTO contributes to the regulation of the global metabolic rate, energy expenditure, and energy homeostasis. FTO also contributes to the regulation of body size and body fat accumulation. Defects in FTO are the cause of growth retardation developmental delay coarse facies and early death (GFDDCFED). Growth retardation developmental delay coarse facies and early death is a rare syndrome characterized course facial features with anteverted nostrils, thin vermilion, prominent alveolar ridge, and a protruding tongue. Affected individuals suffer from intrauterine growth retardation and heart defects including ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular defects, and patent arteriousus with or without cardiomyopathy. Individuals with growth retardation developmental delay course facies and early death will usually die by the age of 3 years.